#Vari-angle thermometer

[materialsscienceandengineering]

Hi! I was wondering what your favorite material property is and favorite method of testing it?

You guys are really trying to target the hard hitting questions, huh?

Alright, here's my answer: List of materials properties. 😁

In all seriousness, I can't give a single answer, but I suppose I can narrow it down from every property ever conceived of! My answer would probably vary from day to day, but if I had to pick a single property...

... drum roll please ...

Density!

I don't know, something about picking up two hunks of metal that are the exact same size and having one (aluminum, for example) be really light while the other (lets go with tungsten) is really heavy is just neat. Have you seen Galileo thermometers, where you can measure temperature based on the effect it has on the density of liquids? And it's fun to measure density the way Archimedes did it, by the displacement of water.

Honorable mentions that might replace density on any given day (though I'm not familiar with the methods of measuring all these properties, hence why some of them didn't win out!):

I'm a mechanical properties person through and through. Microhardness tests are super neat. I love seeing the little diamonds they form in a metal (Vickers is more common, but Knoop is cool too). Yield strength is a classic, measured, of course, through tensile tests. (Did you know you can measure elastic modulus through ultrasonic testing?)

The coefficient of thermal expansion. The idea that things shrink or grow based on temperature, also very neat. Supposedly the two halves of the Gateway Arch in St. Louis in the US didn't line up properly because of thermal expansion in the heat, so they had to cool it down with hoses to get the last piece in!

Conductivity. Thermal or electrical. I think about thermal conductivity every time I sit down on a park bench in the sun (is it a metal bench? wood?), and electrical conductivity... well, we all know electricity is just magic sufficiently explained, isn't it?

Speaking of magic... I'm not going to go into specifics here but, just... magnetism. Magnetic properties are wild.

Refraction. The angle of light changing as it passes through a transparent/semi-transparent material? Wild. And birefringence? Have you seen that?

Color. Yes, color can be considered an optical property (for the most part; perception matters too). And as someone with a favorite color, I enjoy it very much.

Okay, I had to cut myself off there before the list got too long! Thanks for the ask!

(Everyone else chime in! What are your favorite properties and favorite ways to measure them?)

[stained-glass-cicada]

Another Hale POV fic

Let Me Die, Surrounded by Machines

Day two back in Halcyon and true to form Hale gets grievously injured.

SAYER talks him through it.

885 words, Link to the previous part

Link to next part

Cw blood and injury

tbh I just saw a lot of posts about drawing Hale covered in blood but I'm not a visual artist

-

Well, you thought, what had you really expected to happen? You knew your track record.

You swayed slightly on your feet, the motion dragging a gut-wrenching scream out of you. Ha!

It really did hurt though. Like bad-bad. You'd seen a few movies, TV shows, even a book or two. They always talked about this stuff like it was so overwhelming you wouldn't feel anything.

Right now it seemed like feeling was all you could do.

”Resident Hale, you must remain still. A medical team has been dispatched, but it will do little good if you continue dragging the offending object through your already damaged tissue.”

You liked SAYER's voice. If you had to be around someone all the time you were glad it was SAYER.

Something like a smile came onto your face. You'd come all the way back here just to see it again. At least you'd done that, even if this was where it led.

No, that- that sounded weirdly final. You weren't planning on dying. This honestly wasn't much of a surprise even.

Day two back in Halcyon, first day back on the job? Yeah, impaled on a metal spike sounded right.

God you were tired. Your eyes started to flutter closed.

”You must remain awake.”

You forced your eyes open with a whine. You pouted. You were pretty sure you were pouting right now. It was hard to tell with the way the blood was soaking your pants. And your shirt. And boots.

”It would not do for your muscles to unexpectedly slacken right now. The jagged edge would surely tear into some very important organs as you dropped your weight and that, in all likelihood, would render your present situation inoperable.”

You were trying to remember if there had even been an alert for this. You didn't think so. Ugh how long till medical got here?

”Stay on your feet for me, Sven.”

Oh! That was you. Nice.

Your hands hung at your sides, which felt stupid. But where were you supposed to put them?

You'd been working in the protein synthesis lab when the wall of the supply room you were in exploded.

“What happened?” You asked. And it hurt, it hurt to move anything in your body muchless voluntarily.

“One of the vats overheated. It went unnoticed due to a faulty thermal coupler. Your mission today had been to insert a nine-inch vari-angle thermometer in each of the vats. I have been suggesting the addition of alternate means of temperature gauging for years to prevent exactly this kind of incident. As ever, my well founded advice fell upon deaf ears for quite some time. You are quite lucky there was a wall between you and the vat when the explosion occured.”

You didn’t necessarily feel lucky in the traditional sense, with the triangular chunk of torn metal wall buried in your stomach, but you saw what it meant.

Not just that you were lucky to have been in the supply room, but probably lucky to be on Typhon. It's not like ambulances on earth would have got to you in time. If they got here on time.

You didn’t plan on dying, but if you did you were glad it was here. Still surrounded by the living thrum of electricity and pipes and people. If you died back on earth apparently they were going to put you in the dirt so the bugs could eat you. Otherwise your corpse would be incinerated and then someone would have been allowed to just keep you.

…Typhon was better.

You felt cold and shaky. Were you shivering? It would be fine if you could just rest your-

”Resident, if you could provide verbal confirmation of your continued consciousness.”

It sounded urgent. You wondered what that was about.

”Resident Hale, a noise is required Now.”

Oh wait, that was you too.

��SsssSAYER,” You managed.

”Good. You are performing well considering the circumstances. Tell me, do you prefer being called Jacob or Sven?”

Was the dizziness from the way it said your names?

“Both,” You felt winded, but breathing too deep or too fast hurt, “I like- how you say- Sven.”

”The medical team will be here within the next forty seconds, Sven. You can remain on your feet.”

“Tired.”

”I am ordering you to remain upright. You will.”

It sounded important, so you did. As long as it was important.

Medical burst into the room moments later. They bustled around you and a team of three carefully removed you from the spike and placed you on a medical transport bed.

“I’m tired,” You repeated, adamant and agonized in equal measure.

“You may relax now, Resident. You did well.”

You barely heard the end of the sentence before you were gone.

*

When you woke up it was to a steady rhythm of beeps from the machines around you.

It hurt, but you could tell it was better. You knew it would never feel the same, but you also knew that the pain faded with time.

“Oh you're awake,” A voice from the bed across the way spoke up.

You squinted and your vision cleared enough to make out-

You dropped your head back onto the bed with a groan.

“Why?” You said.

“I… sprained my wrist banging on your door,” Young admitted.

[terporium]

7 Common Dabbing Mistakes Every Dabber Makes

Dabbing, being one of the most recognized and ever in-demand smoking processes isn't as easy to handle as you might think. It's quintessential to have detailed knowledge of the dabbing subject such as the Dab tool, Dab thermometer, Concentrates, Blowtorch, etc to avoid any unseen Dabbing Mistakes. Dab rig might not be hitting well due to various reasons such as cheap material, insufficient nail heating, excess nail cooling, not using a carb cap, etc. Due to these reasons, the heat of a Nail/banger gets severely affected and it gets difficult to take the lower-temperature dabs. In this article, we will learn about the 7 Common Dabbing Mistakes Every Dabber Makes. 

7 Common Dabbing Mistakes Every Dabber Makes 

Here are the most common 7 Dabbing Mistakes made by the Dabbers:

1. Taking Big Hits At One Go: 

Taking bigger hits causes discomfort, constant coughing, weird flavour, and force dab sesh to go down although the rig would hit fine. Beginners are recommended to start with slow hits and get used to them before jumping to bigger ones.  Keep in mind the following points:

Wax, shatter, and oil, are rich in THC content as compared to buds.

The concentrate ranges between 60% THC to 90% cannabinoid.

The standard cannabis flowers have 15% to 30% THC based on quality & strain.     

2. OverHeating or Overcooling the Nail:  

Don't fool yourself by committing the Dabbing Mistake of overheating or overcooling the banger nail. The hash combusts leading to minimal potency & flavourless hits in case the nail is heated too high. Getting a hit becomes a struggle when the nail temperature is cooled down for a longer time. Prefer a Dab Thermometer to check the ideal temperature between 160°C-230°C (or 315°F-450°F). Use a blowtorch, or an electronic dabbing nail to get an accurate temperature.  

3. Taking the Hot Nail: 

One of the most common Dabbing Mistakes is caused due to excessive heating of the nail.  Take care of not hurting yourself while holding the banger or nail. The excess heat of the nail causes disasters not only to your body externally but also ruins the taste. However, the Bong bowls handle the cooler temperatures well due to their thick glass & can be held instantly after hitting. The Dab Thermometer can help you evaluate the correct temperature.  

4. Slow Dabbing Technique: 

Slow dabbing melts the wax due to heat across the nail forcing it to accumulate outside the nail. Start dabbing at a 45° angle, inhale the entire vapour as soon as the banger/nail is ready, and avoid using excess amounts of concentrate while dabbing.  

5. Overloading the Nail/Banger: 

Temperature equalization is key for dabbing. Excess concentrate cools down the nail instantly. It leads to wax melting faster & lying across the rig. Note that heat from the nail is sufficient for vaporizing the wax.  

6. Misplaced Nail: 

Purchase the Dab tool set for smartly handling the concentrate. It helps in gathering shatter, scraping wax, and scooping out the crumble.  

7. Ineffectively Handling Dab Rig: 

Learn to handle the rig properly to avoid self-harm. Varied types of rigs are designed to be picked up either from the base, specific handles, or from the chamber. Inappropriately holding the rig increases the chances of dropping down and breaking the dab or a rig. Such accidental cases lead to burns in severe cases or eliminating the dab sesh. 

Dabbing isn't a child play but once you learn its basics, you can be a master at it and avoid Dabbing Mistakes. Learn about dabbing before putting your hands on bangers, concentrate, terp pearls, dab thermometer, dab tools, and everything related to it to have the best smoking experience. Based on our detailed research, we recommend Terporium. It is a leading company that offers the best-in-class Dab tool, Dab thermometer, and other Dab accessories. Most of them are on sale such as Mini Damascus Knife Dab Tool With Purple Handle, Murkami Katana Dab Tool With Blue Handle,Terp Gun Dab Thermometer, etc. Visit their official website to get an idea about it.

[echotherminc]

How Accurate Are Outdoor Thermometers?

The accuracy of outdoor thermometers can vary depending on factors such as the type of thermometer, its calibration, and the environmental conditions in which it is used. Here are some factors to consider:

Type of Thermometer:

Analog Thermometers: Traditional outdoor thermometers with a dial and a mercury or alcohol-filled tube may not be as accurate as digital thermometers. They can be affected by issues such as parallax error (reading from the wrong angle) and may have limited precision.

Digital Thermometers: Electronic or digital thermometers are generally more accurate than analog ones. They can provide readings with higher precision and are less prone to issues like parallax errors.

Calibration:

The accuracy of a thermometer can be affected by calibration. It's essential to ensure that the thermometer is calibrated correctly. Some thermometers come with calibration features, and it's a good practice to check and recalibrate them periodically.

Placement:

Where you place the thermometer can significantly impact its accuracy. Placing it in direct sunlight, near heat sources, or in areas with poor air circulation can lead to inaccurate readings. Ideally, outdoor thermometers should be installed in a shaded area away from direct sunlight and other sources of heat.

Environmental Conditions:

Extreme weather conditions, such as strong winds or heavy precipitation, can affect the accuracy of outdoor thermometers. For example, wind can cause evaporative cooling, leading to lower temperature readings.

Quality of the Thermometer:

The quality of the thermometer itself plays a crucial role. Higher-quality thermometers are generally designed to be more accurate and durable. It's advisable to invest in a reliable brand and read customer reviews to gauge the accuracy of a particular model.

Maintenance:

Regular maintenance, such as cleaning the thermometer and ensuring it's free from debris or condensation, is essential for accurate readings.

Temperature Range:

Different thermometers have different temperature ranges, and their accuracy may vary across this range. Ensure that the thermometer you choose is suitable for the temperature range of your location.

Read More On: How Accurate Are Outdoor Thermometers?

[hermmachinery]

How To Maintain The Feed Machine Machine?

In the process of pellet feed production, if the user does not operate the feed pellet machine correctly, it will undoubtedly affect the service life of the feed pellet machine. How can we better reduce the wear of vulnerable parts of the feed pellet machine? Let's share with you the wear cause analysis and maintenance methods of vulnerable parts of the feed pellet machine.

1. Raw material particle size Because the crushing fineness of raw materials determines the surface area of pellet feed composition, the finer the particle size is, the larger the surface area is, the faster the material absorbs water in steam, and it is relatively easy to condition and particle forming; If the grain is too coarse, the die wear increases, the energy consumption increases, and the productivity decreases.

The requirements of animal feed equipment manufacturers are that the particle size of raw materials after crushing shall all pass through the 8-mesh screen, but the material on the 25-mesh screen shall not be greater than 35%. For materials with high crude fiber content, a certain amount of grease shall be added in the granulation process to reduce the friction between the material and the ring mold, and the appearance of formed feed particles shall be smooth.

2. Raw material impurity cleaning If there are too many iron impurities in the material, resulting in accelerated die wear, this should attract the attention of the pellet feed-making machine operator. Therefore, impurity removal before raw material processing is very important.

3. Add steam Adding steam during material granulation is conducive to material softening and lubrication, to reduce the wear of materials on the machine and improve the output. Generally, the pressure varies with the variety of pressed materials. After adding steam, the moisture content of materials should reach 16% ~ 17%, and the temperature of materials after quenching and tempering should be controlled at 78 ~ 87 ℃.

  4. Clearance between ring die and press roll The unreasonable installation angle of the feeder will lead to uneven material distribution between the ring die and the press roll, and over time, it will lead to uneven wear distribution between the ring die and the press roll.

How to do routine maintenance? Minor maintenance: once every six months, including the following contents: 1. Check and adjust the clearance of the main shaft bearing, and the radial runout of the hollow shaft head shall not exceed 0.05mm.

2. Disassemble and wash the feeder and modulator bearings and replace the lubricating oil.

3. Check the wear of the modulator blade and replace the damaged part.

4. Check and replace the damaged cutter.

5. Repair and clean the pressure-reducing valve, filter, drain valve, steam separator, valve, etc. of the steam system.

6. Disassemble and wash the pneumatic triplet and solenoid valve.

7. Check whether the bolts in the motor junction box are loose and replace the damaged sealing ring of the junction box.

8. Check whether the anchor bolts are loose.

Medium maintenance: once a year, including the following contents: 1. All contents of minor maintenance.

2. Check the service condition of the motor bearing and replace the grease.

3. Check the use of the shifting knife and replace it in time if it is seriously worn.

4. Replace the V-belt with serious wear and reduced elasticity.

5. Check and clean the condensate on the oil circuit of the main shaft and pressure roller shaft.

6. Adjust the clearance of the main shaft bearing of the chicken feed machine.

7. Calibrate ammeter, voltmeter, thermometer and tachometer.

8. Check relevant lines and electrical components and replace and repair them in time.

9. Replace the damaged press roller spring washer box sealing ring.

10. Check the wear of the pulley and the reliability of the key connection.

Major maintenance: once every 2 years, including the following contents: 1. All contents of maintenance.

2. Check the operation of the main shaft bearing and replace the seriously worn or damaged bearing.

3. Check the wear condition of the spindle, modulator, and spindle head, and repair or replace it in time if it is serious.

4. Check the wear condition of the wear ring and the keyway on the frisbee. If it is serious, repair or replace it in time.

5. Replace the severely worn copper sleeve of the main shaft.

6. Replace the deformed main shaft oil seal.

7. Derusting and painting of feed pellet machine body, pipeline, and support.

Henan Herm Machinery Co., Ltd was established in 2010 and has been devoted to the research and development of Feed Mill Machinery ever since. With more than 10 years of experience, Herm® has become a leading manufacturer and supplier of animal feed machines and complete animal feed production lines, cattle feed plants, poultry feed plants, animal feed pellet production lines, etc. It always endeavored to improve the quality of products and aims to meet the new requirements of the international market. 

If You Are Ready to Start a Feed Pellet Plant Business, please contact us for the feed mill machine. We Can Provide Professional Design and Comprehensive Guidance According to Your Needs. Get in touch with us now!   Welcome Contact Us! Henan Herm Machinery Co., Ltd Email: info@hermmachinery.com Phone/Whatsapp: 86-18037508651

[shelbybrown591-blog]

REFRIGERATION PRESSURE GAUGE FOR THE REFRIGERATION INDUSTRY

In our quest to provide you with the best instrument at GPI Inc., we have a specialized pressure gauge specifically made for refrigeration. It works perfect for pressure measurement in the refrigeration industry.

The pressure gauge can also be used to measure pressure air condition and freezing facilities in cold rooms, cold filling equipment’s, and industrial refrigerators. It can be used in these industries to measure the pressure of gas or liquid and to ensure that the optimal amount of pressure is circulated for a given application.

When understand that one of the needs of our clients is to get quality refrigeration gauge at the best affordable price, and this is why our prices are quite competitive and affordable to purchase. This is a highly accurate pressure gauge that can also be used in industrial and mechanical processing.

You are assured of a long-lasting pressure gauge that will continue to test and compare the high side and low side pressure reading of refrigeration and other similar cooling appliances.

It has a glass frame and also a rubber casing that gives it good protection. It also comes in a variety of different models that you can always choose from.

ACCURATE HVAC PRESSURE GAUGE

As part of our pressure gauge range of instruments we also have the HVAC pressure gauge. It is specially designed for the measurement of liquids that are not high temperature and highly viscous and they are also suitable for gases.

This is a preferred choice of customers who seek an HVAC Pressure Gauge that will meet their needs and requirements as it meets various quality standards. We provide it at the best affordable price that will provide value for the money spent.

The HVAC is also perfect for air conditioning and refrigeration. This pressure gauge provides accurate readings that is certain and can be used to make correct decisions. It also meets the standard size for HVAC systems and can be read while standing next to the gauge.

This HVAC pressure has been designed with the best materials – stainless steel, aluminium etc. – that makes it very durable for long use. This pressure gauge is ideal for refrigeration and even plumbing.

[toadstoolgardens]

How to Tap Trees and Make Syrup in Your Backyard

There's not much to forage for at the end of winter, but if you live in the right climate with the right trees you can forage for a delicious treat: sap that can be turned into syrup!

Making syrup is time consuming, but pretty simple.

Maple sap is the easiest for syrup due to it's high sugar content, but sap from birch, black walnut, sycamore, and ironwood trees can all be made into syrup.

The best time to tap trees varies depending on location but it's right when winter is turning to spring, when the daily temperature rises above freezing and the nighttime temperature falls below freezing.

How to Choose a Tree To Tap: the tree you tap must be at least 12 inches in diameter or you risk harming the tree. Choose trees within easy walking distance to your sugaring station, sap buckets are heavy!

Supplies You'll Need to Tap Trees: cordless drill, drill bit (7/16 or 5/16 depending on your spile size), hammer/mallet, spiles and hooks, buckets with lids (or wrap aluminum foil around the top if you don't have lids).

How to Tap Trees for Syrup:

1. Measure the drill bit and wrap some colored tape around it 3 inches from the end to let you know when to stop drilling.

2. Select a spot on the tree 2-4 feet from the ground.

3. Drill into the tree at a slight upward angle until the edge of the tape reaches the tree.

4. Clear debris from the hole and insert your spile. Tap it into the tree with your hammer until it's secure and sap is flowing through it.

5. Hang the bucket on the spile and cover it with a lid/foil to keep out bugs and debris.

6. Check your buckets a few times a day. Emplty them into a larger container at your sugaring station and store it at 38 degrees or colder to prevent spoiling. Boil within one week of starting collection.

How to Make Syrup:

The general ratio for sugar maple sap to syrup is 40:1, so for every 40 gallons or so of sap you'll get about 1 gallon of syrup.

Supplies You'll Need to Make Syrup in Your Backyard: turkey fryer (outdoor propane gas cooker), propane, large pot, candy thermometer, syrup filters, jars.

Don't try to boil sap inside your home! It produces SO much steam that it can cause moisture damage! Using an outdoor propane gas cooker or turkey fryer is low maintenance and allows you to boil outside.

1. Set up the turkey fryer outdoors on a flat surface.

2. Set the pot on top of the fryer and pour your sap into it until the pot is about 3/4 full. If you have any debris in your sap filter it through a cheesecloth before pouring.

3. Light the turkey fryer and turn it up to medium high. When the sap comes to a rolling boil reduce it to medium, just enough to continue gently boiling.

4. As the sap boils you'll have to add more bit by bit. Add it slowly so the sap in the pot doesn't lose it's boil, maybe every half hour or so add more sap. Each time you add new sap skim off the foam on the sap surface with a spoon or strainer. Check the boil frequently.

5. Continue boiling until you've worked most of it down and the liquid in the pot is turning golden brown.

6. Move the sap indoors to a stove top and continue boiling it gently. Still watch for humidity and either turn on your vents or open some windows!

7. Carefully watch the sap as it finishes, it quickly turns to syrup. Stir it frequently and use your candy thermometer to watch the temperature. The sap is officially syrup when it reaches 7 degrees over the boiling point of water. You can also use the spoon test, if the syrup runs off the spoon and doesn't stick at all, it's not finished! When the syrup aprons off the spoon in a sheet, it's done!

8. Get your felt filters ready when when the syrup is still hot, pour it through the filters into a fresh pot. This processes out sugar sand so your surup is pure.

9. Make sure your syrup is still at least 180 degrees, if it cooled too mush boil it again. Then pour the syrup into clean jars with a little space at the top. Screw the tops on and invert to create a seal, date and label your jars.

Enjoy!

Keep Reading: https://www.growforagecookferment.com/tap-trees-make-syrup/

[mikaa-mina]

At Garden’s Edge- ch8: A Day in the Life of a Newt(on Pulsifer)

The lights are too bright, and Newt can’t quite hear what the lady in front of him is saying over the cacophony of beeps. His head also feels quite.... strange. He’s pretty sure that it’s not supposed to feel like it’s floating half a foot above his neck while also feeling like it’s stuffed full of cotton.

Some of the beeping suddenly stops, making it so much quieter in the ER, and Newt can finally understand what the nurse is asking. He tells her he thinks he’s fine, only he managed to hit something in the middle of the road with his bike and that sent him sailing towards the curb, which his bike tire hit at the wrong angle, and that quite firmly ejected him from his seat. And actually, he’s not at all quite sure how he got here, or why he’s here.

The nurse comes closer before he realizes she’s holding a tablet to enter his information in. By the time he realizes, it’s too late.

There’s a sound much like a mosquito hitting a trap lamp with a bright Bzzt! and then tablet goes dark in her hands. Newt grimaces.

It snowballs from there.

She shushes his apologies and uses the flip hospital phone that they use now instead of chargers/beepers to call the nurse station and request a backup one. It, accordingly, powers off halfway through her phone call. She shakes it with a frown and grumbles about the board of offices being cheap with their equipment, turns a sunny smile on him, and brightly says “well, I’ll just take down the basics and get your vitals while we wait. Do you have records here?”

“Uh. Maybe?” probably, “Which hospital is this?”

“The Brugmansia Hospital.”

“Oh! Yeah. I was born here. Uh. I changed my name though. Still Pulsifer for the last name though, figure there’s probably not too many of them around,” he laughs nervously, overly conscious of how awkward he is and how unable he is to do anything about it.

She still smiles, ever professional, and jots down his information. “First name?”

“Oh! Right. Sorry. It’s Newton now. Newton Pulsifer.”

“Thank you Newton, now I’m just going to take your vitals now.”

“Oh- I, uh, don’t really think-”

It’s too late, she’s come up to take his temperature with their new wireless, laser thermometer and it promptly errors out. It continues to error out no matter how many times she restarts it. The heavy seed of dread in Newt’s stomach grows larger. This is exactly why he tries not to go to places like this.

“I’m sorry. Uh, do you happen to have something maybe not, uh, electrical?”

She gives him a funny look for that and he shrinks back.

“Well. Let me get your blood pressure and o2 readings.”

Newt looks dubiously at the machine setup she wheels over to him. Miraculously, it goes okay when she wraps the cuff around his upper arm, and even when it starts. Everything avalanches when she puts the wireless o2 reader on him. Immediately everything in his room fritzes out, the lights even flickering before coming back, but all of the machines are still down or in the emergency boot up system restart.

“Oh bugger,” he sighs under his breath, quietly enough that the nurse fretting over all the technology can’t hear how resigned and unsurprised he is.

The avalanche continues when a nearby nurse ducks in and his tablet powers itself off. The smartwatch he’s wearing starts having three different alarms go off on it, and then there’s some shouts of alarm from outside Newt’s room that he’s really not sure that he wants to know what they’re about.

There are four people in his room now, in varying states of bewilderment and frustration, trying to figure out why everything’s malfunctioning in his room while also trying to get it back up and working. No one’s listening to Newt when he tries to explain that if he could just leave, it’d get better, but then, he’s mostly used to being ignored at this point.

More and more people trickle into the room, Newt spots the tech support guy he wished to be, frowning and scratching his head as he looks at everything. And then he looks at Newt.

A quick mumble about using the loo and Newt escapes out of the room, IV still attached to the weird metal stand and his arm but at least they’re not electronically powered. Just good engineering and reliable gravity.

He figures if he can put enough distance between him, and the rest of all that technology crammed into one small spot, that everything will boot back up just fine. And if not, Newt could write out exactly how to fix it.

So he heads to the loo, because now that he’s made the excuse, he figures he might as well try and also he’s betting on there being a whole lot less fancy technology in there. If only he could actually find said loo. Or any loo, really.

He’s waylaid by a small girl about ten minutes into his wandering of the halls.

“Oh. Hullo there.”

The girl is missing three teeth, has brown hair, and is looking at Newt as if he’s the newest attraction in the city zoo. Under her stare, Newt almost feels like one.

“Wut’er you doing?”

“Er... looking for the loo.”

She looks at him, looks in the direction he was heading in, looks back at him and matter-of-fact-ly says, “you’re going the wrong way.”

He blinks at her, which she takes as permission for her to reach up and grab his hand and start pulling him in the other direction. Bewildered, he followed.

And thus began a brand new game called “Lead the Newt” which had a revolving cast of characters, all under the age of twelve, each insisting they knew where the loo was, and each hiding him from sight any time an adult employee came near.

This scavenger hunt of a game ended at, not a loo (which made Newt extremely grateful he didn’t actually need one), but at a recreational sort of room. There was an old tv in one corner, an open treasure chest filled with costumes and toys, and a few bookshelves. The floor was spongy beneath Newt’s feat and looking down left him staring at brightly colored interlocking foam mat puzzle pieces.

For some reason, all of the co-conspirators find him funny, and really the only tech he might fry in here is a rather old tv that looks like it’s been outdated so many times it can’t recall if it’s outdated or retro at this point, so all in all... This is probably the safest room for Newt to be in. And certainly more interesting than the loo.

And that’s how he finds himself, an hour later, dressed in a paper hat of some kind (its supposed to be a jester’s hat) leaning against his iv pole, making elaborate gestures with his free hand, and telling terrible terrible jokes to a kid in a paper crown and to the amusement of the other kids around him. It’s most certainly a bizarre scene, but no one has commented on it as of yet and due entirely for the fact that the secondary game they’re all playing is ‘Hide the Newt’ any time an adult wanders by. Closets, corners, and blankets have all been heavily featured by now in this game.

So Newt can hardly be blamed for jumping near out of his skin when, after telling a particularly bad punny joke, he hears an adult’s laughter. So he jumps, jerks, and tries to turn to face the voice all in one motion and ends up somehow practically hogtieing himself in his iv cord and going down.

He ended up in a heap of limbs, metal pole, and iv cord wrapped all around him, and his glasses hanging half off his face. “Oh bugger...”

There was a snickering above him from the adult voice and the children alternating between giggles at his fall and joyful cries of “Crow Crow!”, “Mister Crow!”, and “Miss Crow!”. As Newt struggled to untangle himself, with the help of a few kids who both made things worse and better in turns, the other children began pleading with the Crow? Crow?? to pleeeeease let them keep Newt.

The stranger is crouching down to the kid’s level by the time Newt gets mostly upright, and they look a lot like they’re trying very hard not to laugh. “Now. However did you magpies manage to steal a whole person?”

Laughter sounds and they’re throwing themselves at the redhead and the two bags they set down. As the majority are immediately distracted by the prospect of sweets and the passing out of them, the stranger turns to Newt and raises an eyebrow high above dark sunglasses and says, “well? How’d they manage to kidnap you?”

Before Newt can respond the kids answer with excuses that pile over one another ranging from “he just wandered in!” to the actually mostly truthful “he was lost so we were showing him around!”.

“Oh really now?” they seem to be biting back laughter as they continue, “he was lost so you decided to help him by keeping him here?”

Some of the kids looked abashed while others look outright proud of themselves and to Newt’s surprise the stranger threw back their head with a short bark of a laugh before grinning as if proud of them.

Just in case he was reading the situation wrong, he’d done that with people more than a few times, Newt tried pushing through his embarrassment and awkwardness with an “It’s, uh, alright. Really. It’s been kind of fun, actually.”

“Ah. Yeah, they really grow on you.” The Crow glanced at the kids with a mischievous look, “like a fungus.”

Groans and laughter sounded before all of a sudden a shushing and pointing as an adult was seen wandering their way. Before Newt could blink they had him hidden out of sight shoved in a closet between some coats, puppets, and something slightly sticky that he had no intention of exploring further.

He could hear the somewhat muffled conversation of the kids pleading with The Crow to keep their secret before a new adult voice joined the conversation. The voices dropped away a bit, except for the nervous kids right in front of the closet attempting to whisper between each other, before he can’t make anything out at all. He waits, nervousness beginning to creep in because just how long was he supposed to stay in the closet? Actually, about that, he’d really had enough of closets and hiding in them. Terribly stifling and awful and much better really to be out of them.

Eventually there’s the sound of foot falls coming closer and closer to the closet and for a moment Newt’s heart picks up, certain that he’s about to be found and get in trouble. Then the doors are opened and it’s the red headed stranger who jokes, “ready to come out of the closet?”

And Newt’s still full of nervousness and it expresses itself by making him immediately blurt out “already did that once really. Was sort of hoping to not have to do it again.”

There’s a pause where the red head stares at him and the realization that he’s said that out loud crashes over Newt who flushes hotly. “Oh gods, I said that out loud...” and then The Crow tilts their head back and laughs.

“Been there, done that!” They agree with a grin and reach in to pull Newt out. “C’mon, ‘parently they’ve been running a missing patient code for half an hour looking for you.”

Newt relaxed fractionally, “you figured all that out from the nurse in five minutes?”

“Nah. Heard about it when I snuck in through one of the back windows. ‘s right beside one of the break rooms.”

“Oh, okay, that makes- wait. Did you say window?”

But they were already talking to the kids, “Alright you mischievous little magpies, you had your fun but we need to get him back now.” A chorus of “awwwws” and “but!!but!!”s sounded off but The Crow continued on, “if he’s here, he probably needs some help to get better, and I’m sure once he’s feeling better he’ll come say hi again.” Here they glanced over at at Newt expectantly, so Newt nodded since it seemed expected, and then they continued, “alright, so say bye to...”

“Newt.”

The Crow stilled, tilted their head to the side and asked disbelievingly, “really?” as if they didn’t also have the name of an animal.

“Yeah.”

“Alright magpies, tell Newt bye.”

There’s goodbyes and promises to come back and right as they’re leaving the first girl that had caught Newt comes up to The Crow and, in a whisper so very loud she might as well be talking, says “you hafta be nice to him!”

“Oh do I now?”

She nodded furiously, “he doesn’t ree-lize his jokes are reeeeally bad!”

The Crow seemed to choke on something before spluttering into a laughter the kid shushed them for.

“Sorry, sorry,” they managed, fighting back their grin and not looking sorry in the least as they chanced a quick glance at Newt.

The girl frowned, “you’re not sorry at all!”

“I am, I am!”

She looked unimpressed but when bribed with an extra pastry she let it, and them, go.

They’re on their way back to the nurse’s station (Newt didn’t even know what room they put him in) when he breaks the silence to ask, “is your name really Crow?”

“To the kids, yes. You can call me Crowley.”

“Oh. Nice to meet you Crowley. Did you really come in through a window?”

Crowley grinned at him, “trade secret.”

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Lupine Publishers | Nanotechnology in Phytotherapy: The Effect of Noni’s Nanoemulsion on Bacterial Translocation Induced By Experimental Model of Intestinal Ischemia and Reperfusion

Lupine Publishers | Journal of Health Research and Reviews

Abstract

Background: The study evaluated nano structured extract Morinda citrifolia L. (Noni) conveyed in enteral form, in an experimental model of intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), as well as in the prevention of bacterial translocation.

Purpose: Observe the protective and repairing effect of Noni’s nanoemulsified extract in the presence of induced bacterial translocation, by an experimental model of intestinal ischemia/reperfusion.

Methods and Findings: The study consisted of 2 groups of 7 animals, where the Controls were treated with 0.9% saline solution (I/R + S) and Experimental group (I/R + Noni) treated with 5 mg/ml/Kg Noni nanoemulsion, orally by gavage 12h and 2h before the experiment. In the groups, the superior mesenteric artery was occluded with a vascular micro clamp and the laparotomy reopened 60min. after for pull back the clamp. Treatment response was assessed by blood count, inflammatory markers and biochemical dosages, including a sample of the terminal ileum and hepatic of each animal was harvested, fixed in formalin 10% and included in paraffin and stained with hematoxylin-eosin for morphometric measurement. Measurement of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 was done. One gram of spleen, liver, and mesenteric lymph nodes were harvested for culture by selective means for Gram (-) and Gram (+) bacteria. ANOVA and the post-hoc Turkey and Student´s t test were used, considering p<0, 05 as significant.

Conclusion: Noni´s nanoemulsion positively influenced the organic reactions in the presence of intestinal ischemia/reperfusion, reducing the production of pro inflammatory cytokines, bacterial translocation, preventing tissue injury and attenuating the systemic inflammatory response against the experimental model used

Keywords: Noni: Ischemia-reperfusion injury; Bacterial translocation; Biotechnology; Nanotechnology; phytotherapy

Abbreviations: GGT: Gamma-glutamyl Transferase; ECUA: Ethics Committee on the Use of Animals; NCCAE: National Council for Control of Animal Experimentation; NO: Nitric oxide; AST: glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase; ALT: glutamic-pyruvic transaminase; HSV: total bilirubin and fractions, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; SMA: Superior Mesenteric Artery

Mammography

Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury is a severe condition resulting from acute mesenteric ischemia, small bowel transplantation, abdominal aortic aneurysm, hemorrhage, trauma, septic shock, or severe burns. Various chemical and cellular mediators have been implicated in the pathogenesis of intestinal ischemia/reperfusion, such as reactive oxygen, cytokines, endotoxins, and neutrophils [1]. Following adhesive interactions among neutrophils and endothelial cells, neutrophil accumulation in the intestinal mucosa contributes to intestinal ischemia/ reperfusion injury via production of reactive oxygen metabolites and proteases. Leukocyte accumulation is a complex phenomenon that also involves endothelium-based adhesion molecules as well as leukocyte chemotaxis factors such as interleukin-8 (IL-8) [2,3]. Intercellular adhesion molecules are normally expressed at a low basal level, but their expression can be enhanced by several inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). A variety of cytokines, including TNF-α, interferon-γ, and IL-1β, are released from post-ischemic tissues [4].

It is now considered that these mediators bring about the systemic microcirculatory injury which is thought to be the main mechanism responsible for damage in sepsis. The host defence responses to sepsis may promote the generalized increase in leukocyte recruitment and accumulation in the tissues, which may lead to subsequent endothelial damage, leaky capillaries, and organ dysfunction and failure [5,6]. The organic lesion begins in the lungs, progressing to the anguish respiratory syndrome, followed by kidney and liver failure because of damage caused by the architecture of these organs. Heart failure occurs in late-stage sepsis [7]. The pathophysiology of intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in rats with induction of bacterial translocation is widely used in animal models and well established in the literature, and is a viable way of analyzing therapeutic options [8].

The technique will result in a bacterial translocation, generating an ideal model for the therapeutic trial with Noni. Medicinal plants influence the health conditions of the people, in part due to the increase of studies with phytotherapeutics, leading to a confirmation of the therapeutic action of several popular plants, a fact that proves Phytotherapy as part of the culture of the population, being used and widespread for many generations[9-11]. In Brazil, the use of medicinal herbs has its bases in the indigenous practice, which influenced by the African and Portuguese culture, generated a vast popular culture. With the technological advances in allopathic medicine and the pharmaceutical industry in recent years, herbal medicines have been placed in the background, being something allied to popular belief and without scientific bases [12]. However, due to side effects and the high cost of medicines, Phytotherapy is again highlighted and scientific studies with medicinal plants are being resumed [13].

Among the species for herbal treatment highlights the Morinda citrifolia L. (Rubiaceae), popularly known as Noni. Information on its therapeutic benefits has gone through the world causing great demand as a medicinal product [14-16]. Morinda citrifolia L (Noni) has the phytotherapeutic activity of analgesic, antimicrobial, antitumor, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. In scientific studies conducted for the isolation of fixed compounds of the plant, about 200 active substances have already been isolated, where the presence of anthraquinones, triterpenes, iridoids, among others [7- 9]. The anti-inflammatory activity of Noni has been studied in vivo and in vitro by inhibiting the activity of COX-1 enzymes and COX- 2, and the release of chemical mediators from macrophages (nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 - PGE-2)[10].

In this sense, products using biotechnology in the form of nanoparticles or nanostructured compounds, can have excellent results, since, due to their reduced diameter, the substance can be used in smaller doses, avoiding the toxic effect of the plant and maintaining its phytotherapic action [11-13]. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the protective and repairing effect of Noni’s nanoemulsified extract in the presence of induced bacterial translocation, by an experimental model of intestinal ischemia/ reperfusion (I/R) in rats, using the dosage and subsequent blood count, inflammatory markers and biochemical measurements, including histopathological analysis of the compared to the control group treated with 0.9% saline solution.

Material and Methods

Ethical Principles

The experimental protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee on the Use of Animals - ECUA, number 012/2016, Brazil. Animals were handled in accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, US National Research Council, 1996. The Institutional Committee on Ethics in the Use of Animals approved the research project under the protocol. The care with the use of the animals followed the standards of the Brazilian legislation for the scientific use of animals (Law 11.794 / 2008 National Council for Control of Animal Experimentation - NCCAE / Brazilian Government).

Preparation of vegetable extract hydroalcoholic extract of Morinda citrifolia L: (Noni)

The hydroalcoholic extract of Morinda citrifolia L. was prepared from the aerial parts (stem, leaves, and fruits) of fresh adult plants. The collected material was placed for drying at room temperature; then comminuted with a knife and placed for 24h in an oven at a temperature between 45ºC and 50ºC to remove moisture. It was then subjected to a grinding process to obtain the powder. This material was weighed and deposited in a glass vessel with the addition of 70% hydroalcoholic solution in the ratio of 1:3 of the powder. The resulting mixture was stirred for 12h and stirred for five minutes every two hours under two simple filtration procedures under reduced pressure to give the crude extract, which was concentrated in a rotary evaporator under reduced pressure, at a temperature between 55°C and 60°C, for total solvent elimination. The product obtained after concentration was in the form of a paste which was diluted in distilled water until a hydroalcoholic extract at the concentration of 5mg/ml was obtained, being kept in a refrigerator at 10ºC until it was used.

Obtaining Nanoemulsified Systems

Nanoemulsion systems were obtained by maceration in a mixture of ethanol: water (8:2/800mL of alcohol 70° INPM + 200mL of distilled water) according to the previously described methodology. The study of phase diagrams of the oil, water and surfactant mixture formed a nanoemulsified (SN) system with a self-emulsifying characteristic. The SN system was considered O/W of the autoemulsifying type due to the unchanging of its appearance after successive dilutions in water. The vegetable oil used contains the following chemical components: vitamin E, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid, low saturated fat and high content of polyunsaturated components [17,18]. The procedure used to obtain the nano emulsion regions is based on the method involving the determination of the maximum solubility points of active matter (surfactant) in the aqueous and oily phases, by means of mass titrations. The structure is composed of vegetable oil in the range of 0.5% to 6.0%; a surfactant in the range of 8.0% to 20% and distilled water in the range of 75% to 90% (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Phase Diagram (Maciel 2009).

Description of Nanoemulsion Preparation: Initially, industrialized vegetable oil was weighed on a precision digital scale (model: FA-2104N / 2008; Brand: BIOPRECISA-->) in the preferred range (1% to 5%), the surfactant in the preferred range (8% to 20%), and distilled water in the preferred range (75% to 90%) mixed and heated the components of the formulated SME - Nanoemulsion System, in magnetic stirrer with heating - stirring range 100-2200rpm and temperature controlled in the preferred range between 40°C to 70°C (Model NI1103P/2009: Mark: NOVAINSTRUMENTS-->). Thereafter, centrifuged at a constant speed, between 550rpm and 650rpm, for a preferential time of 15 minutes. (Model TDL80-2B, Mark Centribio-->).

Analysis Characterization: Performed through the refractive index, droplet diameter, rheological behavior and surface tension. To obtain the refractive index, an analog bench refractometer (ABBE, Model: 2waj; Mark: BioBrix-->) was used at a temperature in the range of 20°C-30°C.

Determination of droplet diameter: The diameter of the nanoemulsion droplets was determined by measurements in triplicates and with the refractive index of 1.4715 with a light beam of 659nm wavelength and angle of incidence of 90°. The diameter of the droplets (ranged from 50nm-75nm).

Rheology: The evaluation made from the graph generated by shear stress versus shear rate using a greenhouse thermometer (HG - Brazil, No.1876/11-->), in the range of 20°C-30°C, with variation for the shear rate (1s-1-1000s-1), resulted in a linear behaviour, with r2 = 0.91058.

Fluid Classification: The fluid under analysis was classified as Newtonian and the viscosity was determined to be 2mPa.s - 6mPa.s (2cP - 5cP).

Maximum Dilution Analysis: The evaluation was performed by experimental data of surface tension. Assays were performed using the SensaDyne Tensiometer apparatus (model QC-600, Chem-Dyne Research Corp. - USA). The description of the method consisted of measuring the maximum bubble pressure using two capillaries with holes of different diameters, where an inert gas (N2) was pumped at a certain constant pressure (200-595kPa). The larger capillary measured the effect of the immersion depth and the smaller the surface tension. For each measurement, the samples were diluted in distilled water, with concentrations varying until the values of surface tension close to the water (γH2O = 72.1mN/m) and temperature in the range of 20°C to 30°C were reached.

Surgical model / experimental design: We used 14 Wistar male Wistar rats weighing 265±32g (from Nucleus of Experimental Surgery, Potigura Universty - LAUREATE INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITIES - UnP/Natal/Rio Grande do Norte State/ Brazil), randomly divided into 2 groups, kept in individual cages with food and water standard (Labina-Purina-->) is rodents, ad libitum. In the experimental group (n=7) rats received 5mg/mL/Kg (EMS-FC5) Noni nanoemulsion via the probe/gavage 18 and 2 hours prior to clamping of the superior mesenteric artery (I/R), the remainder rats (n=7) were treated with oral saline solution at 0.9%, 18 and 2h prior to (I/R). After 12h of fasting, the rats were anesthetized with for the induction of anesthesia general, the solution of Zoletil--> 50, the anesthetic dissociative, will be used in the dose of 0.3mL/100mg intramuscularly in the region of the quadriceps, with disposable syringes of 1mL of insulin and needle 27F and operated under aseptic conditions. In groups I/R + Saline and I/R + Noni, under sterile conditions.

Measurement of bacterial translocation: After shaving, the abdominal skin was disinfected with 0.2% chlorhexidine. All procedures were performed under sterile conditions. A laparotomy was performed and the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) was occluded with a microvascular clamp for 60 minutes. In order to block any collateral blood supply, the right colic and proximal jejunal arteries were also clamped. The laparotomy incision was then closed, to be opened later for removal of the clamps after 60 minutes of ischemia. Reperfusion was confirmed by the return of the mesenteric arcade pulsation. The incision was closed again and the animals were killed by anesthetic overdose (thiopental 100mg/ Kg) after 120 minutes of reperfusion. They breathed spontaneously throughout the procedures.

Measurement of bacterial translocation: At the end of the procedures (time = 180 minutes), a midline laparotomy was performed under aseptic conditions and biopsies were aseptically obtained for bacterial colony counts. One gram of mesenteric lymph node complex, blood, liver, and lung were removed for culture. Tissues were homogenized and aseptically solubilized after addition of 0.5mL of 0.9% saline. Aliquots of 0.2mL were processed and cultured on selective MacConkey’s agar and Blood Agar for detection of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, respectively. The agar plates were incubated at 37oC and examined for growth after 24 and 48h. Any growth in the plates of bacteria of the same biotype as cultured was considered positive and expressed as colony-forming units per gram of tissue (CFU/g).

Laboratory analysis/ Cytokine Assays: After 24h of a conclusion of the procedures under anesthesia and aseptic conditions, blood was collected by cardiac puncture to measure the hemogram, hepatogram, cytokines, and albumin. Samples of blood were treated with EDTA and the plasma was separated by centrifugation at 2000rpm and stored in -80°C for later measurement of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-a) interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin- 1b (IL-1b) by the ELISA (enzyme-linked all immunoassay kits from PeproTech--> (Rocky Hill, NJ, USA) according to the manufacturer’s recommended protocols. The fluorescence was measured by a Bio-Tec--> Instruments EL808 ultra microplate reader, using KC4-V3.0 analysis software. The sensitivity of detection was 30pg/mL for all cytokines. For counting leukocytes and red cells using an automated cell counter (Abbott Cell-Dyn 3500R CD--> 5L-3500, USA). For albumin, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (AST), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (ALT), total bilirubin and fractions, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (HSV) blood was treated with EDTA.

Histological study: Terminal ileum and liver specimens were fixed in 10% buffered formalin and embedded in paraffin. Sections cut at a thickness of 4μm were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for morphometric measurements using an image analyzer (Image- Pro Plus, Media Cyber-->)[19-21]. The damage of the intestinal specimens was assessed in a blinded manner by an experienced pathologist according to microscopic criteria for degree of damage based on a grading system previously described: normal mucosa, 0; subepithelial space at the villus tip, 1; more extended subepithelial space, 2; epithelial lifting along villus, 3; denuded villi, 4; loss of villus tissue, 5; crypt layer infarction, 6; transmucosal infarction, 7; transmural infarction, 8.

Statistics: Data analysis was performed using the BioEstat--> 2.0 program. Differences between the microbiological samples as measured by positive cultures were evaluated by a test for differences between proportions. The results were tabulated and compared by ANOVA using post hoc analysis with Tukey and Student’s t test. P<0.05 was considered significant. Data on continuous quantitative variables are the mean ± expresso standard deviation. In the variables that did not present normal distribution, the logarithmtransformation method was adopted. These variables are represented by their respective logarithms. To verify if the differences between the Experimental (Noni nanoemulsion) and Control groups were statistically significant, the Student’s t-test for independent samples was used. The statistical package SPSS-->21 was used.

Results

We observed bacterial translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, lung, and blood in all animals subjected to I / R. However, in I/R group rats treated with Noni nanoemulsion, translocation to these organs and blood was significantly lower than in I/R untreated (Table 1). Cytokines had lower levels of proinflammatory cytokines in group I/R+Noni (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) and a higher level of antiinflammatory-cytokine (IL-10), when compared with I/R + Saline (C) (Table 2). In I/R + Saline (Control) group rats, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were significantly higher when compared to I/R+Noni. This group had the highest values of IL-10 when compared with (Control) group (p<0.05). Noni was able to maintain and modulate the inflammatory reaction in the experimental group, which was proven through normality in the hematological dosages. There was also a significant reduction in the number of total leukocytes, which did not generate immune suppression in experimental animals, but control the systemic inflammatory response in the presence of induced bacterial translocation for intestinal ischemia and reperfusion.

Table 1: Bacterial Translocation in groups treated and not treated with Noni nanoemulsion (colony-forming units per gram of tissue - CFU/g).

*p < 0.01 compared with groups I/R + Saline (C) and I/R + Noni nanoemulsion.

Table 2: Serum levels of cytokines in groups with and without Noni nanoemulsion treatment.

*p< 0.01 compared with groups I/R + Saline (C) and I/R + Noni nanoemulsion.

Table 3: Descriptive and inferential statistics of hemograma results.

Figure 2: The mucosa is injured, and leukocyte infiltration of lamina propria and mucosa are shown (group I/R), 100x. 2: Hemorrhage and inflammation of mucosa (group I/R), 100x.

A trend towards normality was observed in the other cellular parameters measured in relation to the control group (Table 3). Macroscopically, the segments of the organs studied presented intramural dilation and hemorrhage, with greater intensity in rats of the I / R group, compared to the experimental group (Noni). Microscopic findings revealed marked mucosal lesion after ischemia and reperfusion injury; we observed more intense lesions in the rats of the I / R group compared to the other groups. The most frequent lesions were: disorganization of the normal tissue structure, transmural infarction, infiltration of leukocytes in the lamina propria and mucosa, alveoli and hepatic sinusoids. In the group that used the nanoemulsion of Noni, there was protection and preservation of the tissue structure, with reduced or absent infiltrating inflammatory reaction (Figures 2-4).

Figure 3: Preserved intestinal mucosa, demonstrating normal villi and intestinal epitelial cells of uniform pattern, normal to histological examination, 100x

Figure 4: A) Normal liver structures are demonstrated. B) A hepatic section from a septic rat with vehicle (normal saline) treatment. Patches of hepatocytes show necrosis with eosinophilic cytoplasm nuclei that are condensed and intensely stained with hematoxylin. C: A section from a septic rat with Morinda citrifolia L (Noni) treatment. Liver structures appear normal. (HE.50;100 x /100 μm).

Discussion

The present study used an experimental model of ischemia and reperfusion, to verify the effect of nanostructured extract Morinda citrifolia L. (Noni) on intestinal injury and bacterial translocation. Some authors consider the bacterial factor, crucial in the pathogenesis of sepsis and multiple organ failures [22]. In surgery and intensive care, intestinal obstruction and intestinal ischemia are the most associated pathological conditions [23]. The use of medicinal plants for the treatment of diseases has been occurring since the dawn of civilization. The development of methodologies for the isolation of active substances has made it possible to identify substances in complex samples such as plant extracts. In this way, the interest for compounds of vegetal origin that could be used as prototypes for the development of new drugs resurfaced [24]. Medicinal plants represent the main raw material used for the synthesis of medicinal products, besides being used as therapeutic agents. Plant consumption is overvalued in traditional use based on it medicinal benefits [25].

Noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) has become a promise of the cure for a variety of diseases, ranging from simple hypertension to malignant tumors; even provokes the cure of syndromes, still incurable such as AIDS and other viral diseases [26]. However, The popular use and wellbeing attributed to Noni make the industry commercially explore Morinda citrifolia L products, often without scientific evidence [15].In this context, the use of biotechnology transforming Noni into a nanostructured compound, has the advantage of using the plant’s medicinal properties, reducing its toxicity, keeping its bioactive principles beneficial to health [27,28]. Antimicrobial activity of Noni has already been reported in the literature. Studies have shown that noni inhibited growth in vivo and in-vitro bacterial strains such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginous, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Helicobacter pylori, Salmonella and Shigella.

In addition, Noni has already been studied on its effect against Plasmodium falciparum, believed to be due to the presence of anthraquinones, acubin, L-asperuloside, alizarin, scopoletin, among other substances [29,30]. It has also been found that ethanol and hexane extracts of noni have an antitubercular effect since they inhibit by 89-95% the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The major components identified in the hexane extract were E-phytol, cycloartenol, stigmasterol, b-sitosterol, campesta-5,7,22-trien-3-bol, and the ketosteroids, stigmasta-4-en-3-one and stigmasta-4-22- dien-3-one[18-20]. Moreover, they showed that the anti-microbial effect is highly dependent on the stage of ripeness and on processing, being greater when the fruit is ripe, without drying [23-25]. The limiting factor for the use of Noni as an herbal remedy is that most of the studies previously found in the literature, administer the extract in the alcoholic or hydro-alcoholic form, which may, through prolonged use, mainly cause hepatotoxicity [24].

With this in mind, the present study makes its scientific contribution to demonstrate that with the use of biotechnology in the formulation of a nanostructured extract of Noni, such undesirable side effects were abolished, maintaining the active principles of the vegetable under analysis [31]. Recent studies have demonstrated, respectively, the efficiency of Noni´s nanoemulsion in experimental models of healing of infected wounds in the skin of rats as well as in abdominal sepsis induced by cecum ligation and puncture [32,33]. This phenomenon was confirmed in the present study, where a reduction in the total leukocytes and polymorphonuclear levels was observed, maintaining normal hemoglobin and hematocrit levels in the experimental group, which used Noni in the presence of an experimental model of intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in rats with induction of bacterial translocation.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that Noni’s nanoemulsified extract acted as an immune modulatory agent in the presence of an experimental model of intestinal ischemia/ reperfusion (I/R) in rats with induction of bacterial translocation, reducing the systemic inflammatory response, stimulating the immunity of experimental group animals, preserving liver function and maintaining its bioactive principles beneficial to the experimental model used.

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Soil Pollution Causes and Effects

In road compaction is of great significance because it enhance's the soil density on the development site. Through the compaction process, excess moisture and air are gotten rid of. This as a result minimizes shifting and increases the compacted soil's bearing capability. Effectively compacted roads are more steady and less prone to experience seeping, contraction of swelling of water. With minimized water absorption, chances of crumpling of supplies utilized in construction and cracking are minimized.

In road building, there are 4 main compaction techniques which are employed, each time using totally different compaction equipment. The strategies in question are; soil vibration, impression, soil kneading and pressure. In every methodology, there are two principal consolidation forces which can be used, i.e. static and vibratory.

The static force process is aimed on the higher layers of the soil and includes kneading and strain. Right here, the compaction gear's dead weight is utilized on the soil surface and the drive of compaction might be varied by means of addition and subtraction of weight on the machine. However, vibration https://youtube.com/watch?v=6PXBW0PvzZE forces are utilized using engine-driven compaction equipment alongside the gear's weight for deeper compaction. Throughout this process, the vibration that strikes by way of the soil particles shakes them collectively and in the course of getting rid of any excess air spaces and water from the soil.

Soil compaction is a process through which the burden for each unit volume of the soil beneath compaction is increased. Utilizing the drum roller, the higher soil layers might be consolidated as a result of huge weight that the curler inserts on the soil. To densely shake the soil particles together, a vibration curler is used. The kneading motion may be tackled by the sheep's foot curler.

The moisture content of the soil determines the standard of the soil compaction. Applicable moisture is important because it acts as a lubricant, sliding the soil particles collectively. It is important to preserve a correct moisture stability as a number of water fills in spaces within the soil, making the soil weaker. Alternatively, too dry soil turns to mud as it defies compaction. The moisture levels fluctuate from one soil type to a different and should be appropriately decided.

The character of the drive that's exerted on the soil by the compaction equipment is determined by two factors; amplitude and frequency. Frequency refers back to the rotational speed of the off-angle axle that necessitates the Wikipedia Here vibration of the roller whereas amplitude is the maximum rotation of the vibrating curler in a single direction. Frequency and amplitude fluctuate with the curler's weight and the soil's consistency during consolidation.

Principally, to get one of the best compaction, the use of the most effective compaction equipment is of great significance. At any development site, some other gear that's crucial beam raise. Observe safety precaution always when working with heavy engineering gear of this nature.

Lee is an experienced and competent writer, especially in enterprise and building industries. His articles are opinionated, informative and at times controversial. His honest strategy is designed to assist the reader make informed selections on areas essential to our day by day lives.

Lawn Aerators are a solution for garden that undergo from extreme thatch build up and soil compaction which prevents air, fertilizer and water to achieve down to the lawns roots, which might stunt the plats growth. Among the benefits of lawn aeration you are giving your garden an natural treatment to let air, water and fertilizer penetrate the soil so the vitamins reaches the plants root system and this can assist stimulate new progress..

Soil aeration is a necessary part of caring for your lawn by aerating your garden you're supplying the soil with air, aeration also enhances thatch breakdown by introducing the useful microorganisms that feed on thatch. Aeration of your lawn may be executed throughout the yr offering it is no during the center of summer time or winter when the ground may be frozen or very hot and dry situations. Heavy traffic areas would require aeration extra steadily. Depending on the kind of soil and the way a lot of on space that needs aerating, they are various kinds of lawn aerator needed.

Aeration is best when actual cores or plugs of soil are pulled from the lawn. Holes should be two to three inches deep and no more than two to four inches aside. When ever aeration is finished its at all times adopted be fertilizing and watering the garden after wards.

With core aeration the soil aeration tubes are used to cut a cylindrical soil plug since cutting provides much less soil compaction than driving a spike into the soil. Because the soil aeration tubes are prolonged downward into the soil they reduce free a soil plug which accommodates grass, grass roots and soil.

Ways wherein lawn aeration can enhance your garden

Decreases water and fertilizer requirements for vigorous grass Enhanced warmth and drought stress tolerance. Helps the rejuvenation of new root development Improves garden thickness, vigor, and on the whole the well being of the plant Improves infiltration for fertilizer into the basis zone. Will increase air penetration into soil which will increase soil microbes. Restore the lawn by enabling the roots to cultivate deeper.

Soil is taken into account as an essential facet for reaping agriculture advantages. Subsequently, it turns into extraordinarily vital to test the standard of soil before planting any tree or sowing Soil Health Institute crops. Soil testing meters might be of different sorts, resembling soil suction sampler, analog soil compaction meter, analog soil salinity meter, analog soil pH moisture meter and plenty of extra.

These equipments are simple to function, dependable, transportable, economical and value effective. Sampling of soil has all the time been an important facet for the scientists and researches for detecting whether its unique characters are intact or Read our Blog here not. These devices are medium in dimension, and are relevant for both continuous in addition to off web site use. The areas of software for these equipments are forestry, plant pathology, agronomy and for monitoring environmental air pollution.

Analog soil compaction meter is of a terrific concern to scientists as soil compaction because of heavy field visitors could scale back plant growth. The areas of software of analog soil compaction meter are agriculture, aeration, operation analysis and aeration. Whereas, moveable soil salinity meter, are used to test the salinity of the soil, and to enhance the productivity of soil. Ph of soil is extraordinarily vital, as a result of soil carries it in vitamins similar to nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus, which plants need in particular amounts to develop, thrive and struggle off ailments. Subsequently, these meters are used to detect the pH of the soil.

In addition to these there are equipments corresponding to fat analyzers, soil splitters, soil thermometer, and infrared soil moisture tester which are used extensively. Fat analyzers are considered very best for determining the density of coarse grained soil. The testing density is extraordinarily causes of soil degradation helpful for verifying the potential of greens, tendency to retain moisture and to know the extent of slopes. Soil splitters are extensively used by scientists and researches for acquiring homogeneous samples which might exhibit outcomes with close to free error features.

It is at all times apparent that vegetation want right pH stage to manage the vitamins that are available in the soil. It's because agriculture is extraordinarily vital for our country, so growing the appropriate crops in essential. These soil testing meters are indestructible and supply the consumer correct readings. These units are compact, mild in weight and are integrated with essentially the most superior and developed expertise.

As expertise has taken a new shape and all of us are aware that making the correct use of expertise will certainly profit research and development organizations, medical organizations and lots of extra. So making the right move when it comes to technology and utilizing expertise will surely do effectively to the customers.

[tertingkent97-blog]

Unanswered Issues With Elevation Bed Exposed

It varies globally in a variety of 2m. Obviously, when you spend as much money on a mattress you would like to be certain your mover understands the importance of appropriate handling of your bed. If your patient is heavier the mattress has to have a greater weight rating or a good core. The mattress has to be carefully taken out of this foundation. There are quite a few different designs and strategies to pick from when constructing jobs for your backyard, so make certain that you take a good look on the related plans that are showcased on our website. Normally, a deck needs to be wider than it's heavy, with the longer dimension running across the home. Every rescue team should be quite so blessed! There are a whole lot of things victims can do so as to reduce the quantity of pain and distress they encounter. Ice packs are also a source of frostbite if they aren't used properly. Avoid using the wrong lubrication whenever you have sexual intercourse since it may spoil your probability of becoming pregnant. The position is Meant to ease the strain on their bodies since they escape Earth's gravity. Numerous safety features are built into the strategy. Most of their beds are supplied in Various sizes and colour, plus they provide totally free Shipping and setup. Tutorial is in several elements, so be certain to visit all of them. Pressure sores are always due to pressure. The role of relieving pressure would be to allow the blood supply reach the epidermis. Your skin is now able to endure a minute quantity of pressure to get a long time, but nevertheless, it may only tolerate great pressure for a brief time before the circulatory system is interrupted and a pressure or skin sore outcomes. Should you understand exactly what you want and would just like to get it ordered then utilize our customary shopping cart. There's an general guideline a deck should be no larger than the largest room in your home. Assembling a Home care hospital bed isn't very hard and can be completed in 15-25 mintues. One of furniture which occupies nearly all in a house is bed, particularly if it is marriage. The daybed bed frame is really easy to create, also, therefore it's great for novice carpenters. Now you have a great pallet bed tutorial, here are a couple of inspirational ideas on what you could do using pallets and DIY bed frames! The duvet cover is offered in both king and queen sizes, and you may choose between 14 unique colors. You will probably have to replace your wedge cushion with a different one after a few decades. To put it simply, without drawing elevations, it wouldn't be possible to totally think about, then communicate the entire building design. A greater elevation angle can be accomplished by mixing head elevation with Reverse Trendelenburg. A front elevation is part of a scenic design. The larger volume and changes in texture show that you're close to ovulating. Elevation Bed - Dead or Alive? The Rise of Elevation Bed The home remedies we'll discuss in this site need your involvement. One of the biggest advantages of flexible beds is the advantage component. The distinction is that the Sierra has more luxury options. The beds are all made for in the house so they are extremely easy to put together and do not require any tools to build. Such beds can easily be constructed and dismantled. Elevated beds are great for puppies with joints that are painful. Full-size beds might also be known as double or standard size. Unfortunately, big, beautiful beds can become very pricey, therefore in the event that you can discover the opportunity to set your hands to operate, then you can construct your very own gorgeous customized mattress to get some of the purchase price. You might now place the bed in your frame. The bed includes a double mattresses with as much as three person Jensen pocket spring systems. If you don't wish to get a loft bed That's too high, you can think about an ottoman mattress which has storage beneath. Adjustments to raise or lower regions of the bed may be reached by remote management. There's a Choice of pleated cotton lampshades to choose the base, which change from 42-70. It is possible for the hydraulic machine room to be found over the shaft. The normal bedroom consists of an enormous quantity of furniture. Now you have a fantastic pallet bed tutorial, here are a couple of inspirational thoughts on what you could do using pallets and DIY mattress frames! The duvet cover is offered in both queen and king sizes, and you may choose between 14 unique colors. You will probably have to change out your wedge pillow with another one after several decades. Elevating the head of the bed can be confusing as there are several products out there which claim to be the ideal method to elevate for reflux. Additionally, the heels have to be off the bed to Decrease skin breakdown. People who have back pain or who'd love to raise their circulation often Find this position extremely relaxing. This little development of temperature can not be felt, but might be measured by a Basal Body Thermometer. A deck should be built in just 2 inches of the foundation of the the entry door If you are able to afford to buy your plywood new, it is going to save yourself a few of the frustrations. This bed frame is created with walnut cut to size, and a drill! After the timber for all those frames is ripped, you are put the frames together. To put it simply, without drawing elevations, it wouldn't be possible to totally think about, then convey the entire building design. A higher elevation angle can be accomplished by combining head altitude with Reverse Trendelenburg. Skin management cannot be neglected. The more complicated The platform rises, the longer the hydraulics will presume the procedure along with the less work you will need to do. Want to Know More About Elevation Bed? In the united kingdom, the expression Queen Size isn't frequently used, even though it may refer to a little double bed (4 ft) depending on where you go shopping. Below are the Adjustable Beds that were reviewed to date. Beds for Backs are specialists in the field of sleep ergonomics. There are many practical suggestions to decorate a little bedroom. Assembling a house care hospital bed isn't very difficult and can be completed in 15-25 mintues. If your house is raised, you are going to require a mid-elevation deck. You might now set the bed on your frame. Tuck the flat sheets in, lower the mattress, and you get a well-made bed without having to pay a trip to the chiropractor. If you don't wish to get a loft bed that is too high, you can think about an ottoman bed that has storage underneath. Together with the best quality memory foam on the sector, 7-8 inches is the ideal height for a wedge pillow. If your patient is heavier the mattress has to have a greater weight rating or a good core. The mattress has to be carefully taken out of the foundation. There are a lot of things sufferers can do so as to decrease the amount of pain and discomfort they experience. You must be liable for your skin care. Avoid using the incorrect lubrication whenever you have sexual intercourse as it can spoil your odds of getting pregnant. Numerous safety features are built into the plan. Prices have come down, there's more selection, a number of features are added, and new designs are added so they don't look like hospital beds. There are lots of plans and designs to pick from, so make certain you take a good look over the remaining portion of the furniture plans featured on our site. For more information please visit here elevation bed Elevation Bed Features The issue can quickly begin affecting every component of your life, therefore it is very important to try out everything in your fight against it. That means you can have the exact same comfort and luxury you enjoyed on your holidays throughout the year. A minimal bed makes the fall a brief trip. Pressure sores are always due to pressure. The role of relieving pressure is to permit the blood supply get to the epidermis. You have to know the state of your skin and the early warning indications of skin sores. The pallet bed frame is truly simple to make, too, therefore it's great for novice carpenters. Now you have a great pallet bed tutorial, here are a couple of inspirational ideas on what you could do with pallets and DIY bed frames! Perhaps you currently have some wardrobe space and you would like the storage underneath your loft bed to be used for something different. It's true, you will locate all the conventional sizes from 2 ft 6 small single to 6ft Superking readily available in bed shops and internet stores nationwide. Box springs aren't needed. There are many different manufacturers that provide a large variety of full electric hospital beds. What Does Elevation Bed Mean? The beds are created for in the home so they are extremely simple to put together and don't require any tools to assemble. Full-size beds might also be called double or standard size. The electric beds Adjustamatic Beds provide are intended to be easily adjustable, making it simpler for you to locate a comfortable place to lie in. There are a lot of things sufferers can do so as to decrease the amount of pain and discomfort they experience. Ice packs are likewise a source of frostbite if they aren't used properly. The position is intended to ease the strain on their bodies since they escape Earth's gravity. Adjustments to raise or lower regions of the bed might be achieved by remote control. There's a selection of pleated cotton lampshades to choose the base, which vary from 42-70. It is feasible for the hydraulic machine room to be located over the shaft.The issue can quickly begin affecting every component of your life, therefore it is very important to try out everything in your fight against it. That means you can be certain that each and every TEMPUR mattress delivers a terrific night's sleep, year in, year out. Furthermore, any person who must devote plenty of time in bed will discover great support from such wedges and bolsters for more comfortable positional alterations. What Does Elevation Bed Mean? A little deck meant to hold a round dining table ought to be at least 12 feet by 12 feet, while a sizable deck can be designed with a whole lot more space. Therefore, if you're using wedges and pillows to acquire comfortable, wish to ease pain or discomfort, or enjoy reading and watching TV bed, an adjustable bed may be worth considering, but just make certain to do a little bit of comparison shopping and learn about the characteristics and warranty conditions. Getting in and from a low' bed can be challenging not just for senior citizens, but even for a number of us middle aged guys and gals. In the united kingdom, the expression Queen Size isn't frequently used, even though it may refer to a little double bed (4 ft) depending on where you go shopping. Below are the Adjustable Beds that were reviewed to date. Speed may be affected by a selection of technical and environmental aspects. It varies globally in a variety of 2m. If your patient is heavier the mattress has to have a greater weight rating or a good core. If you would rather an innerspring mattress, it is necessary to be aware that mattresses with a border wire aren't compatible with Comfort Bases. When it has to do with adjustable beds, there are some practical and anecdotal effects to take into account when weighing your choice. When using vertically, the elevated portion of the wedge can be put against the lower back to offer proper lumbar support to the user when sitting. For a patient who's in a fixed position and just needs moved occasionally, it's a flawless fit.

[tser]

so I recently acquired a panther chameleon (found it crossing the road) and I was wondering if you knew anything about proper husbandry for chameleons, or if you knew of any resources for this sort of thing? I really want to take good care of him.

Wow, what a wild way to find a cham!

I’ll start out by saying chameleons are not considered easy to care for. They are far more delicate and sensitive than many common pet reptiles.

Also a disclaimer: I have not kept a cham in a long time, though both my wife and I have (separately) had them, and I have never personally kept a panther. Though I have kept up with their care info and available equipment out there, there are better people to ask than me. I’ll tag reptiblr in this so current cham owners can check my info, and I’ll link some resources at the bottom!

The first thing to do is to take the cham to a qualified reptile vet. Making sure the chameleon is healthy now will go a long way toward long term success. Since this cham has been out in the wild, do this as soon as possible. Get a fecal, as well as a generally wellness checkup.

Some things will vary based on the age of your chameleon. This information is for ADULT panther chameleons. Please do research if it’s a baby or a juvie on the differences.

Some basics:

Handling is very stressful to chameleons. Handle only when necessary. I know there a lot of people who handle their chams quite a bit, but it’s not in the cham’s best interest. A chameleon is a display animal.

Enclosure: Well ventilated is very important. Screen cages are necessary. The bare minimum is 24" by 24" by 48" high (2 feet by 2 feet by 4 feet high). You can use a ReptiBreeze X-Large for example. You can build an enclosure using PVC-coated, SS, or aluminum hardware cloth or fiberglass screen over a pvc pipe or other frame as well. (Do not use galvanized hardware cloth.) There is some danger to the nails of large chameleons like panthers in a screen cage, so a hardware cloth cage is a good choice. Adult male panthers get 18 inches long, and up to 20, so an adult male panther chameleon will require a larger homemade enclosure. 

Decor: Lots of branches and vines. There are flexible vines available as reptile decor which work well, as well as magnetic vines, and “trees” which are mounted on a base. You can use bamboo and other branches horizontally. Offer fake leaves and leafy vines as cover so that the chameleon will feel secure. You can also use a potted plant “tree” or use magnetic planters such as from Magnaturals to include live plants, which can help keep your humidity up. However, make sure they are organically grown (I suggest buying from a vivarium specific store), and that the soil they are planted in is also organic! Covering the substrate with large river pebbles or another barrier is a good idea. There are various ways to mount these vines and branches in the screen enclosure, such as plastic coated plant mounting wire, magnets, or zip-ties. Some people also use expanding foam (Great Stuff) to anchor stuff to the sides, but you will have to wait for it to cure up to a week, and you can’t re-position things later with this method.

You will need a digital thermometer, digital hygrometer, and a temp gun. Do not use analogue (dial) thermometers or hygrometers.

Heat: Provided by an overhead basking light in a wide 10″ dome fixture, on top of the enclosure, and be sure to use a thermostat! With sensitive animals like chameleons, an expensive, proportional thermostat such as a HerpStat is a safer choice than a cheap thermostat like a JumpStart, but it will work in the short term. You should also have a timer on the heat source for 10-12 hours. This can be a regular incandescent light bulb or incandescent bulb of the right wattage. This will depend on your ambient temps so it’s hard to say which you’ll need but you can probably go with a 40 or 60 watt. You can move the light further from the basking branch if it is too warm (mounting the fixture above the enclosure instead of setting it on top). The chameleon should have a branch at a slight angle under the heat source, and the temperature should be measured on this basking platform.  Make sure the chameleon can’t get too close to the bulb and burn itself. For an adult panther chameleon, this may be 6-8 inches from the bulb. The distance will depend on the strength of the bulb, the size of your cham, and your ambient temperature. The angle allows them to thermoregulate and choose how warm they want to be. The maximum temperature on the branch for the basking spot should be 85-90 degrees (not for baby/juvie panther chameleons!). The temperature will be cooler towards the bottom of the enclosure, and the ambient temperature should be 80 around the middle and 75 near the bottom. A temperature drop at night is desirable. A drop to 60-65 degrees is good (not below 50f). The enclosure should be entirely dark at night, do not use a night light. 

Light/UVB: The UVB light should be on top of the enclosure near the heat source, over branches allowing the chameleon to self-regulate, and on a timer like the heat bulb. You will need a long fluorescent ReptiSun 5.0 or 10.0, or an Arcadia 6% or 12%, replacing the bulb every 6 months. 

Humidity: Though Panther chameleons need very good ventilation, they also need moderately high humidity. This means you need to mist the enclosure with dechlorinated or distilled water at least twice daily. You should aim for roughly 70-80% humidity. It should dry to <50% between mistings. There will generally be a humidity gradient through the enclosure, dryer at the top and more humid lower in the enclosure, so the chameleon can self-regulate.

Water: Chameleons are notorious for not drinking from standing water (such as water dishes). Misting may or may not be adequate. Twice or more daily misting is recommended along with a secondary water source in the form of a dripper. There are commercial versions (like the ZooMed Little or Big Dripper or Magnaturals Magnetic Dripper), and many DIY guides online. It should drip onto a wide leaf (real or fake) that the chameleon can drink off of, and should drip for at least a couple hours per day. It may be a good idea to install an automated misting system such as a Mist King. In their wild habitat it rains off and on through the day. Some keepers recommend at least 15 or 20 minutes of misting total per day, or even more!

Food: Chameleons are insectivores who benefit from a wide variety of invertebrates in their diet. Panther chams can eat roaches, crickets, hornworms, silkworms, and locusts, with other insects like fatty waxworms occasionally. Adult panther chameleons eat every other day. Young chams will need to eat every day.

Supplements: Feeders should be dusted with proper supplements. As I’ve mentioned in other posts, chameleons can suffer from hypervitaminosis D. With a 5.0 or 6% UVB light, you should supplement calcium with D3 twice a month; if you are using a higher output UVB (10.0 or 12%) you may want to go down to once a month, but I suggest consulting a chameleon-saavy reptile vet, and checking out articles on the subject! Plain calcium (no D3) should be used at nearly every feeding that you are not using the calcium w/ D3 or multivitamin, and a multivitamin (without D3) two times a month. It is controversial but some evidence suggests at least some species of chameleon can’t convert beta carotene into vitamin A, meaning the supplement should have preformed vitamin A. Zoo Med Reptivite without D3 contains preformed vitamin A.

Feeding Dishes: Insects are typically fed in deep elevated dishes, as chameleons do not go down to the floor of their cage (a cham on the bottom of an enclosure is usually a sick cham), though some will go low enough to zot out of a dish set on the floor. Alternately, they can be fed from tongs. There are some great designs of elevated feeders out there now that make feeding chameleons so much easier, made from PVC or empty plastic bottles, DIY or purchased! I wish we’d had these around in the old days. Some examples are the Blinky Bugbar or Camo Grid Feeders. Here’s a DIY guide using a vinyl fencepost, and here’s a very economical DIY design from a small plastic jug. 

Resources:

Chameleon ForumsCham Heat Sources and Burns

Hopefully others will weigh in as well!

[tomatodeals]

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[jagadeeshkrishnan]

[15/05, 10:30 AM] Jagadeesh KrishnanChandra: Indian people dying en masse in #EmotionalStampede.

I believe there are more people who die of panic than those who die of disease.

Fear and anxiety can trigger stress hormones (#Cortisol) in the body, even for a young person who is healthy. So as to increase body temperature. This is because body temperature is controlled by the hypothalamus (#hypothalamus) in the brain.

They would say “hot sick” and we would have heard. "If Ivan sits down and gets up, the place will be hot," they would say. Most of them are naturally anxious (#Anxious_Personality). Because the hypothalamus is always working in moderation for them, the hormone adrenal, which is secreted in the body, keeps the body temperature a little warm. But when they measure the temperature on the thermometer it is normal.

And fear and anxiety for that healthy young man

Not only does it increase body temperature ...

Causes palpitations, severe fatigue, and shortness of breath.

When the above symptoms occur even in those who are not nervous,

For those who are naturally nervous ..., this fear and anxiety can turn into panic (PANIC) and multiply these symptoms many times over. Therefore every moment that is alive

"What will happen to this? Will we rob our loved ones? Who will see our family if we become victims?"

Excessive uncontrollable intrusive thoughts (#irresistible intrusive thoughts) can cause them to secrete more and more stress hormones, weakening the body's immune system and causing problems such as fever and cold.

Psychological stress sometimes

Common Gold, ranging from cancer

Research shows that it causes and often exacerbates the problem (#PsychologicalDistress can cause a cold or aggravate the seriousness of cancer progression).

When something tense or disturbing happens in the situation

At one point ......

Ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss

For the negative effects of stress hormones on our body before sighing like that, a big breath that we pull ....

What we call breathing today is a defense mechanism that the body naturally does.

My grandmother used to sigh when I was a child,

"Anda sighs and sighs at home," they would say. When I think about its meaning ... that grandmother is implicitly in line with the knowledge and experience of the time,

Instead of saying, "Don't be afraid, darling," is it a piece of advice that tells the grandmother not to be a little scared? That seems to me. Do not be confused that our ancestors were not fools in this place. I have said it many times. "Our ancestors were not fools, but human beings who deceive ourselves into accepting today's modern diet and medicine by saying it are fools."

Newspapers, social networking sites and news channels can visualize the social misery that multiplies this emotional congestion.

In English it is called Stampede. What it means is to be trapped in a crowd, to be trampled to death or to escape with great physical and mental injuries. For example, in 1996, a fire broke out at the Tanjore Big Temple. Panicked, a few hundred people inside the temple then ran towards the only entrance to the temple in an attempt to escape. More than 40 people were killed and more than 200 were injured in the stampede. None of the dead were burned to death. They were the ones who died in the stampede caused by the fire.

Similarly, when today's corona disease strikes the Indian nation of 135 crore people ... people who see the mass of corpses lying in crematoriums, cremated bodies burning in the river, the media panicked, the body secretes stress hormones, and the body suffers from coronary heart disease. If all the symptoms of the disease are manifested as they are ... Not only do many people get corona infection due to the wave-stress while wandering in search of a solution for it, but those who are moderately infected end up with life threatening water and air during that wave.

Yesterday a 34-year-old man underwent RT-PCR testing six times in the last 2 months. There are many signs of corona coming into the body.

Sees once every ten minutes.

Body temperature varies from 96, 97, 98. The pulse in the PULSE-OXYMETER varies between 95, 100, and 110. Oxygen levels vary from 99, 100, 96. The young man, who has two children, is in a coma. He keeps himself locked in a separate room and suffers from insomnia so as not to infect his family. Relatives, friends, neighbors ...

"Don't be afraid!"

They say advice and comfort alternately through the window of that room from different angles. He understands everything they say.

'We are unnecessarily scared too much'

'We do experiments unnecessarily'

He knows better. When everyone around him says the same thing he knows ..

I know ?, but I could not be what they say ?! Am I a burden to the family, not only do I cause stress to the whole family, but to all those around us because we are alive!?. "

Thoughts like 'Enpana' have come and tried to commit suicide and have been saved.

I am not an expert in psychiatry, but for the past 20 years I have been working diligently to treat and treat the psychosomatic distresses caused by such stress on a daily basis.

What I am going to say through this article is .... just like giving supplements (zinc, vitaminC, vitamin D supplements) to the patients, until the peak of the epidemic subsides and returns to normal ....

With strict guidelines, some medications for the degree can be given for a few months and then gradually reduced and discontinued over the next few months.

In some developed countries

Antidepressants (#SSRI) have been shown to prevent coronavirus infection and to prevent exacerbation of the disease in those who suffer from it.

If there is an expert in a field in our country, it is those who are at the forefront of major institutions recognized by governments due to old age. Governments will only listen if they come together and give advice like this.

A private doctor says that only one in a hundred of the things that are spread on social websites will be viewed. Governments can therefore assemble psychiatrists and regulate the practice of making such recommendations for a few months as a supplement to the larger community.

by

Jagadeesh Krishnan

Psychologist and International Author

[15/05, 10:30 AM] Jagadeesh KrishnanChandra: #உணர்ச்சிநெரிசலில் (#EmotionalStampede) சிக்கி கொத்துக்கொத்தாக இறந்து கொண்டிருக்கும் இந்திய மக்கள்.

வியாதியினால் இறப்பவர்களை விட, பீதியினால் இறப்பவர்களே அதிகம் இருக்கக் கூடும் என நம்புகிறேன்.

பயமும் பதட்டமும் ஆரோக்கியமாக இருக்கும் ஒரு இளைஞனுக்கே கூட, அவனது உடலில் ஸ்ட்ரெஸ் ஹார்மோன்களை (#Cortisol) தூண்டும். அதனால் உடல் வெப்பநிலையை அதிகரிக்க வைக்கும். காரணம் உடல் வெப்பநிலையை மூளையில் உள்ள ஹைப்போதலாமஸ் (#Hypothalamus) என்ற பகுதிதான் கட்டுப்படுத்துகிறது.

"சூடு உடம்பு" என்று சொல்வார்கள், கேள்விப்பட்டிருப்போம். "இவன் உட்கார்ந்து எழுந்தால், அந்த இடமே சூடாக இருக்கும்," என்றும் சொல்வார்கள். அவர்களில் பெரும்பாலானவர்கள் இயற்கையாகவே பதட்ட சுபாவம் (#Anxious_Personality)உடையவர்களாக இருப்பார்கள். அவர்களுக்கு எப்பொழுதும் ஹைப்போதலாமஸ் மிதமாக வேலை செய்து கொண்டிருப்பதால், உடலில் சுரக்கும் அட்ரினல் என்னும் ஹார்மோன் உடல் வெப்பநிலையை கொஞ்சம் சூடாகவே வைத்திருக்கும். ஆனால் அவர்களுக்கு தெர்மாமீட்டரில் டெம்பரேச்சர் அளவிடும்போது நார்மலாகத் தான் இருக்கும்.

மேலும் அந்த ஆரோக்கியமான இளைஞனுக்கு பயமும் பதட்டமும்

உடல் வெப்பநிலையை அதிகரிப்பது மட்டுமல்லாமல்...

நெஞ்சு படபடப்பு(palpitation), அதீத உடல் அசதி(Severe fatigue), மூச்சுத்திணறல் (breathing difficulty) ஆகியவற்றை ஏற்ப்படுத்தும்.

பதட்ட குணம் இல்லாதவர்களுக்கே கூட மேலே சொன்ன அறிகுறிகள் வரும் எனும்போது,

இயல்பாகவே பதட்ட சுபாவம் கொண்டவர்களுக்கு..., இந்த பயமும் பதட்டமும் பீதியாக(PANIC) மாறி இந்த அறிகுறிகளை பன் மடங்கு அதிகப்படுத்தும். ஆகையினால் உயிருடன் இருக்கும் ஒவ்வொரு கணமும்

"இதனால் என்ன ஆகுமோ?, நம் அன்புக்குரியவர்களை பறிகொடுத்து விடுவோமோ?, நாம் பலியாகிவிட்டால் நம் குடும்பத்தை யார் பார்ப்பது?,"

என்பன போன்ற, அதீத கட்டுப்படுத்த முடியாத துளைத்தெடுக்கும் எண்ண ஓட்டங்கள்( #irresistible intrusive thoughts), அவர்களுக்குள் மேலும் மேலும் ஸ்ட்ரஸ் ஹார்மோன்களை சுரக்க வைத்து, உடலின் நோய் எதிர்ப்பு சக்தியை குறைந்து, காய்ச்சல்-கோல்டு (Fever &cold) போன்ற பிரச்சனைகளை உண்டாக்கும்.

உள உளைச்சல் சில நேரங்களில்

காமன் கோல்டு, முதல் கேன்சர் வரை

காரணமாகவும் பல நேரங்களில் பிரச்சனையை அதிகரிப்பதாகவும், ஆராய்ச்சிகள் சொல்கின்றன(#PsychologicalDistress can cause a cold or aggravate the seriousness of cancer progression).

சூழ்நிலைகளில் ஏதேனும் பதட்டமடையச் செய்யும், கவலையுரச் செய்யும் நிகழ்வுகள் நடக்கும்போது

ஒரு கட்டத்தில்......

ஸ்ஸ்ஸஸபாபா.....என்று பெருமூச்சு (Sighing Respiration) விடுவோமல்லவா?

அப்படி பெருமூச்சு விடுவதற்கு முன்பாக நம் உடலில் ஸ்ட்ரெஸ் ஹார்மோன்கள் ஏற்படுத்திய எதிர்மறை விளைவுகளுக்கு, நாம் இழுத்துவிடும் அந்த ஒரு பெரிய மூச்சு....

நாம் இன்று மூச்சுப்பயிற்சி என சொல்கிறோமே?, அதை உடல் இயற்கையாகவே செய்யும் ஒரு பாதுகாப்பு செயலே (defence mechanism) ஆகும்.

சிறுவயதில் நான் பெருமூச்சு விடும் நேரங்களில் எனது பாட்டி,

"ஏண்டா பெருமூச்சு விடுற வீட்டுக்கு தரித்திரியம்டா," என்று சொல்வார்கள். அதன் அர்த்தத்தை நான் யோசித்துப் பார்க்கும்போது... அந்தப் பாட்டி மறைமுகமாக அந்த காலத்தின் அறிவு மற்றும் அனுபவங்களுக்கு ஏற்ப,

"செல்லம் பயப்படாதடா" என்று சொல்வதற்கு பதிலாக, அந்த பாட்டி கொஞ்சம் அதட்டி பயப்படாமல் இருக்கச் சொல்லும் ஒரு ஆலோசனையோ? என்று எனக்குத் தோன்றுகிறது. இந்த இடத்தில் நம் முன்னோர்கள் முட்டாள்கள் இல்லை என்று குழம்பாதீர்கள். நான் பலமுறை சொல்வதுண்டு. "நம் முன்னோர்கள் முட்டாள்கள் இல்லை, ஆனால் அதை சொல்லி இன்றைய நவீன உணவு முறையை மருத்துவத்தை ஏற்றுக்கொள்ளாமல் நம்மை நாமே ஏமாற்றிக் கொள்ளும் மனிதர்கள் முட்டாள்கள் தான்".

இந்த உணர்ச்சி நெரிசலை பத்திரிகைகளும், சமூக வலைதளங்களும் செய்தி சேனல்களும் பன்மடங்கு அதிகப்படுத்தும் சமூக அவலத்தை கண்கூடாக பார்க்க முடிகிறது.

ஸ்டாம்பீட் ( Stampede) என ஆங்கிலத்தில் சொல்வார்கள். அதற்கு என்ன அர்த்தம் என்றால், கூட்ட நெரிசலில் சிக்கி மிதிபட்டு அல்லது மூச்சுத்திணறி உயிரை இழப்பது அல்லது பெரும் உடல்-உள காயங்களுடன் தப்பித்து வருவது. உதாரணமாக 1996 ஆம் ஆண்டு தஞ்சை பெரிய கோயிலில் ஒரு தீ விபத்து நடந்தது. அப்போது கோயில் வளாகத்துக்குள் இருந்த சில நூறுபேர் பீதியில், தப்பிக்கும் முயற்சியில் அந்த வளாகத்தில் இருந்து வெளியேறும் ஒரே ஒரு நுழைவாயிலை நோக்கி அத்தனை பேரும் ஓடினார்கள். அப்போது அந்த கூட்ட நெரிசலில் சிக்கி 40க்கும் அதிகமானோர் இறந்து போனார்கள், 200க்கும் அதிகமானோர் காயமடைந்தார்கள். அதில் இறந்தவர்கள் ஒருவர்கூட தீயினால் கருகி இறந்தவர்கள் அல்ல. தீயினால் ஏற்பட்ட நெரிசலில் சிக்கி இறந்தவர்கள் தான்.

அதேபோல இன்றைய கொரோனா நோய் 135 கோடி பேர் வாழும் இந்திய தேசத்தை தாக்கும்போது... கொத்துக் கொத்தாக பிணங்கள் கிடப்பது, அதை எரிப்பதற்கு சுடுகாடுகள் நிரம்பி வழிவது, பிணங்களை ஆற்றில் எரிவது போன்ற நிகழ்வுகளை ஊடகங்களின் வாயிலாக காணும் மனிதர்கள் பீதியடைந்து, உடலில் ஸ்ட்ரெஸ் ஹார்மோன்களை சுரக்க வைத்து, உணர்ச்சி நெரிசலில் சிக்கி அதனால் உடலில் ஏற்படும் பிரச்சனைகள் கொரோனா நோய்க்கான அத்தனை அறிகுறிகளையும் அப்படியே வெளிப்படுத்தும் பட்சத்தில்... அதற்கான தீர்வு தேடி அலையும்போது அந்த அலைச்சல்-உளைச்சலாலேயே பலருக்கு கொரோனா தொற்று ஏற்படுவது மட்டுமல்லாமல், மிதமாக தொற்று ஏற்பட்வர்கள் அந்த அலைச்சல் நேரத்தில் உடலுக்கு நீரும், காற்றும் கிடைக்காமல் உயிருக்கு ஆபத்தாகவே முடிந்துவிடுகிறது.

நேற்று ஒரு 34 வயது இளைஞன், கடந்த 2 மாதங்களில் ஆறு தடவை RT-PCR பரிசோதனை செய்திருக்கிறான். கொரோனா உடலில் வந்ததற்கான அத்தனை அறிகுறிகளும் இருக்கிறது.

பத்து நிமிடத்திற்கு ஒருமுறை பார்க்கிறான்.

உடல் வெப்பநிலை 96, 97, 98 மாறி மாறி வருகிறது. PULSE-OXYMETERல் நாடித்துடிப்பு 95, 100, 110 என மாறி மாறி வருகிறது. ஆக்சிஜன் அளவு 99, 100, 96 என மாறி மாறி வருகிறது. இரண்டு குழந்தைகளை வைத்திருக்கும் அந்த இளைஞன், நிலைகுலைந்து போயிருக்கிறான். தன்னால் தன் குடும்பத்துக்கு தொற்று ஏற்பட்டு விடக்கூடாது என்று தன்னை தனி அறையில் அடைத்து கொண்டு தூக்கமில்லாமல் அவதிப்பட்டுக் கொண்டிருக்கிறான். உறவினர்களும் நண்பர்களும், அக்கம் பக்கத்தினரும்...

"பயப்படாதேடா!"

என்பதை பல்வேறு கோணங்களில் அந்த அறையின் ஜன்னல் வழியாக மாற்றி மாற்றி அறிவுரைகளையும் ஆறுதல்களையும் சொல்கிறார்கள். அவர்கள் சொல்லும் அனைத்தும் அவனுக்கே புரிகிறது.

'தான் தேவையில்லாமல் அதிகமாக பயப்படுகிறோம்'

'தேவையில்லாமல் பரிசோதனைகள் செய்கிறோம்'

என்பது நன்றாகவே அவனுக்குத் தெரிகிறது. அவனுக்கு தெரியும் அதே விஷயத்தை சுற்றி உள்ளவர்கள் அனைவரும் சொல்லும்போது..

எனக்கே தெரிகிறதே?, ஆனால் அவர்கள் சொல்லும்படியாக என்னால் இருக்க முடியவில்லையே?! நான் குடும்பத்தினருக்கு பாரமாக இருக்கிறேனே?, நான் உளைச்சல் அடைவது மட்டுமல்லாமல் மொத்த குடும்பத்தையும் உளைச்சல் அடையச் செய்கிறேனே?, நாம் உயிருடன் இருப்பதால் தானே நம்மை சுற்றி இருப்பவர்கள் அனைவருக்கும் உளைச்சல்!?."

என்பன போன்ற எண்ணங்கள் வந்து தற்கொலை முயற்சி செய்து காப்பாற்ற பட்டிருக்கிறான்.

நான் மனநல மருத்துவத்தில் நிபுணன் அல்ல, ஆனால் கடந்த 20 ஆண்டுகளாக தினமும் இத்தகைய மன உளைச்சலினால் ஏற்படும் உடல் உபாதைகளை (Psychosomatic distresses) ஆர்வத்துடன் பார்த்து சிகிச்சை கொடுக்கும் வேலையை செய்து கொண்டிருக்கிறேன்.

இந்த கட்டுரையின் வாயிலாக நான் சொல்ல வருவது.... நோயாளிகளுக்கு க��சுரக் குடிநீர், zinc, vitaminC, வைட்டமின் டி போன்ற சப்ளிமெண்ஸ்(supplements) கொடுப்பதைப் போல, இந்த பெருந்தொற்றின் உச்சநிலை குறைந்து இயல்பு நிலைக்கு வரும் வரை....

மிகுந்த கட்டுப்பாட்டுடன் (strict guidelines) சில மனப் பட்டத்திற்கான மருந்துகளை, சில மாதங்களுக்கு கொடுத்து அதை படிப்படியாக குறைத்து அடுத்த சில மாதங்களில் நிறுத்திவிடலாம்.

சில வளர்ந்த நாடுகளில்

மனச்சோர்வுக்கான மருந்துகள் (#SSRI) கொரோனா தொற்று ஏற்படுவதை தடுப்பதாகவும், ஏற்பட்டவர்களுக்கு நோயின் தன்மை தீவிரமடைவதை தடுப்பதாகவும் ஆங்காங்கே சில ஆராய்ச்சிகளை செய்து முடிவுகளை வெளியிட்டிருக்கிறார்கள்.

நம் தேசத்தில் ஒரு துறையில் நிபுணன் என்றால், அரசாங்கங்களால் அங்கீகரிக்கப்பட்ட பெரும் இன்ஸ்டிடியூஷன்களில் வயது மூப்பின் காரணமாக தலைமையில் இருப்பவர்கள் தான். அவர்கள் ஒருங்கிணைந்து இது மாதிரியான ஆலோசனைகளை கொடுத்தால்தான் அரசாங்கங்கள் செவிசாய்க்கும்.

ஒரு தனியார் மருத்துவர் சொல்வது சமூக வலைதளங்களில் பரப்பப்படும் விஷயங்களில் நூற்றில் நூற்றி ஒன்றாகத்தான் பார்க்கப்படும். ஆகையினால் அரசாங்கங்கள் மனநல மருத்துவ நிபுணர்களை கூட்டி இத்தகைய பரிந்துரைகளை, பெரும் சமூகத்திற்கு ஒரு supplementஆக சில மாதங்களுக்கு கொடுப்பதற்கான நடைமுறைகளை ஒழுங்குபடுத்தலாம்.

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